International media and telecommunications are not promoting a more Research Paper

International media and telecommunications are not promoting a more peaceful - Research Paper Example The media has different and opposite roles during the war. During a war for instance, the media could choose to concentrate on destroying the war as opposed to exalting the freedom from the tyranny. This discourse delves into analysing the position that International media and telecommunications are not promoting peaceful International relations. The author of the paper posits that the media could design and package the war as an invasion against an attack. Furthermore, telecommunications and media can outline negative against a positive attitude during the conflict. News Media benefits from the development in technology sector. Strategy in the simplest definition entails understanding who the players are in international relations as well as it stands in the society today. The comprehension covers the real position and both external and internal perceptions. The definition also includes having clear understanding of where international relations should get to and means of ensuring it gets to the destination. They constitute specific forms of substance with an intrinsic communicative ability. Among others, they are structures, innovations, reforms, legislation, institutions, investments, and policies in the media sector. They remain suggestive, memorable, remarkable, and newsworthy. The review of evidence applied in search strings to peruse five journal databases. The researcher filtered various papers after identification based on the date of publication starting the last decade of the twentieth century. Identification also considered countries with experiences in conflict and telecommunications and media associated with political occurrences. The analysis yielded twelve papers for review. Experts supplemented the twelve papers. The researcher graded evidence based on a regular pattern, evaluating the degree and quality of empirical

Unethical Status (Ageincy Problem) Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Unethical Status (Ageincy Problem) - Case Study Example Unethical Status (Ageincy Problem) Agency relationship occurs when shareholders (principals) hire another person or persons (agents) to undertake certain duties on behalf of them (principals). Agency theory portrays the firm as a nexus of contracts between the holders of resources. This paper explores the type of conflict in the case, effect on stakeholders, type of costs involved and how to minimize the conflict. Shareholder-Management Conflict: The case involves agency conflict between shareholders and the management. When managers hide some information from shareholders, an agency problem arises. A conflict ensues between shareholders and the managers of the organisation. Managers will most often try to pursue self-interest gains at the expense of shareholders in an imperfect market. According to agency theory, agency problem arises when managers put their self-interest goals before those of shareholders.The asymmetric flow of information in an imperfect market makes it possible for managers to pursue their self-interests rather than that of the organisation (Bhabatosh, 2008). For example, managers are usually in a better opposition to know the ability of the organisation to meet shareholders expectations than the shareholders. Because of uncertainties in the market, managers can always influence the outcome of the performance of the organisation. They can manipulate the results to be posit ive or negative in pursuit of self-interests. The conflict between shareholders arises when managers seek for deals that reduce the profit of the firm. For example, when managers seek for perquisites and pay rise, there may be a conflict between shareholders and the managers because this would most likely reduce the shareholder value. Another example is when managers try to avoid optimal risks contrary to the expectations of shareholders (Bhabatosh, 2008). Effect of the Conflict on Stakeholders When managers avoid certain risky investment opportunities for which shareholders would most likely prefer to venture in because of high gains involved, there is likely to be a clash between the management and shareholders of the company. When outside investors realise that the decision of the company is contradicting their own expectations and, thus not in their best interest, the result is discounting the prices that they can willingly pay for the shares of the company. Agency Costs Unethic al behaviour where managers take make unobserved actions courtesy of the inability of the shareholders to monitor all managerial actions leads to a morality crisis that demands shareholders to incur certain agency costs in order to keep managers on check (Kapil, 2011). Agency costs are those that are borne by shareholders in attempts to motivate managers to act in the best interest of the organisation rather than pursuing their individual interests. There are usually three main agency costs incurred by shareholders. First, shareholders are faced with the cost of monitoring the actions of the management (Kapil, 2011; Jensen & Meckling, 1976). Monitoring cost include audit cost to check on possible unethical behaviour of the management over a given financial period. Second, shareholders will have to incur structuring costs in a bid to establish organisational structure that will diminish the possibility of unethical behaviour among the management of the company (Kapil, 2011). These co sts may include the appointment of independent persons outside the company to the board of directors or reducing organisational hierarchy. Lastly, shareholders also incur the agents’

Composition of Minerals in Soil Related with Date Fruits

Composition of Minerals in Soil Related with Date Fruits Research Proposal Topic Study the Composition of Minerals in Soil Related with Date Fruits using AAS. Introduction Generally, plants require optimum mineral nutrients from the soil other than water, sunlight and carbon dioxide. Mineral is a crystalline solid of inorganic element. It has their own characteristic on physical properties such as crystalline structure, hardness, density, flammability, and color with certain chemical composition that form by natural processes. Mineral nutrients can be classified into two types of nutrients which are micronutrients and macronutrients. Essential mineral composition with sufficient quantity is important in a plant as it affect the plant productivity or fruit quality. Plants also not grow well if one or more elements are present in too large quantity which can be toxicity to the plant. This shows that the levels of elements must in balance with other nutrients. These nutrients perform a variety of functions in plants especially in the structural components of cell. Date palm or Phoenix dactylifera will involve in this research for the study of the minerals in soils and date fruits. Date palms need the specific composition of minerals in soils in order to produce fruits. Soil of plant analysis is useful for estimating trace element availability and determining the specific type of mineral presence in the soil which can prevent the deficiencies of fruit production. Determination of the minerals in fruit is important in order to study the correlation between the minerals in soils from date palm with date fruits using atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS). Literature Review Minerals A mineral is a natural inorganic solid with a definite chemical composition such as K, Ca, Mg and Na. It is inorganic crystalline solid that has the crystal structure of long ranged order of atomic arrangement. Minerals are divided into groups based on their chemical composition with different chemical features of each groups. Characteristics and Properties Minerals can be known by their characteristics such as crystalline structure, inorganic elements, form by natural process, has particular chemical composition and specific physical properties. Minerals are crystalline solids that the atoms are arranged in repeating pattern. Mineral also comes from the organic substances which involved proteins, carbohydrates, and oils.Besides, minerals also commonly come from the inorganic compound (Geoscience News and Information, 11 November 2014). Minerals form by natural processes occurs in or on Earth. A diamond is a example of mineral that created in Earth’s crust. About 98.5% of Earth’s crust is made up of only eight elements which are oxygen, silicon, aluminum, iron, calcium, sodium, potassium, and magnesium. These are the elements that can form different types of chemical compounds of minerals and each mineral has a specific chemical composition and chemical formula. For example, quartz is the combination of two oxygen atoms bonded to a silicon atom, SiO2 (Geoscience News and Information, 11 November 2014). Minerals also presence in hard type of mineral like a diamond as it is from by strong covalent bond of carbon. Then, softer mineral also exist which contains calcium and oxygen along with carbon which is calcite. The structure of calcite shows the relationship of calcium (Ca), carbon (C) and oxygen (O).In other aspect, the physical properties of minerals include the differentiation in the mineral’s color, the color of the powder of mineral (streak), the light reflection of mineral’s surface (luster), the specific gravity, tendency to break the flat surfaces (cleavage), the mineral breaks pattern (fracture) and the hardness (Geoscience News and Information, 11 November 2014). 2.1.2Mineral Groups Minerals can be classified into groups depend on their chemical composition. Silicates are the largest mineral group exists on Earth. Silicate minerals are the first group which has silica tetrahedron compound as the basic structure. Silica tetrahedron is the combination of one silicon atom bonds to four oxygen atoms. The common examples of silicate minerals are feldspar and quartz. Both of them are rock-forming minerals. The variety of silicate minerals can be form pyramid-shaped structure is bound to other elements, such as calcium, iron, and magnesium. Silica tetrahedrons also can combine together in six different ways to produce different types of silicates (Scientific Classifications of Mineral Groups, 11 November 2014). Native elements contain atoms of one type of element. Only a few types of minerals are found in this group. The minerals in native elements group are rarely to have and very valuable. Gold, silver, sulfur, and diamond are examples of minerals in native elements group. Next is carbonates mineral group. The carbonate structure form from one carbon atom bonded to three oxygen atoms. Carbonates also include other additional elements such as calcium, iron, and copper. For example, calcite (CaCO3) which is the most common carbonate mineral (Scientific Classifications of Mineral Groups, 11 November 2014). Halide minerals are salts that form when salt water evaporates which is involving a halogen bonded with a metallic atom. Halite is an example of halide mineral. The chemical elements in halogen group are fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine. While fluorite is a halide containing calcium and fluorine. Next, oxides contain one or two metal elements combined with oxygen. Most metals are found as oxides. For example, hematite (Fe2O3) which is form by two iron atoms combined with three oxygen atoms and magnetite (Fe3O4) is produced when three iron atoms combined with four oxygen atoms. Magnetite is one of the magnetic mineral and attraction of magnets can be made by this magnetite minerals. Both are the examples of iron oxides. (Scientific Classifications of Mineral Groups, 11 November 2014). Phosphate minerals are same in pattern of structure of atom in the silicate minerals. Phosphorus, arsenic or vanadium bond to oxygen to form tetrahedral in this type of phosphate minerals. There are many different minerals exist in the phosphate group but they very rarely to meet. Turquoise is an example of a phosphate mineral which consist of copper, aluminum, and phosphorus. Next, sulfate minerals contain sulfur atoms bonded to oxygen atoms. The sulfate group also may consist of many different minerals but it is not commonly known. Then, sulfides are formed when metallic elements combine with sulfur. Sulfides are slightly different from sulfate as it do not contain oxygen. Pyrite, or iron sulfide is a common example of sulfide mineral (Scientific Classifications of Mineral Groups, 11 November 2014). Minerals in the Soils of Date Palm Phoenix dactylifera has the long productivity period and did multiple purpose qualities. It is one of the old types of fruit tree and the first country of the top ten producers is Egypt. Date fruits production are commonly depend on pollination, fertilization, and water relations (Iqbal et al., 2004). Most of the date palms produced in Egypt are grown in sandy, loam and sandy loam soils. The presence of certain types of element such as N, P, K, Mg and B may cause the soils become deficient. It has also been recorded that large amounts of macro and microelements are produce high amount of date fruita for every single year. It shows that the best source of organic matter comes from the macro and micro-minerals especially in producing fruit. Application of organic fertilizers was found to enhance as well as to increase the structural stability and lowered bulk density of the soil. It improved moisture retention, water infiltration rate and the hydraulic conductivity of soil. In Egypt, the total amount of garbage collected from cities and villages reaches nearly 15 million tons per year and the proportion of domestic refuse is estimated to be about 68% (Hassanein Kandil, 2007). This could be a source of organic fertilization, after suitable composting in fruit orchards. Furthermore, few studies have evaluated the effects of organic and mineral fertilizers on the quality characteristics of date fruits and the amount of prduction(Shahein et al., 2003Al-Kharusi et al., 2009). Minerals in the Date Fruits Phosphorus was determined in date fruits by ascorbic acid method. While flame photometer used in determining potassium content in date fruits. Element such as Pb, Cd, Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn, Mn and Cu contents were measured using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer (Model 305B). The concentrations of N, P, K, Ca and Mg were expressed as percentages, while Pb, Cd, Fe, Mn, Zn, and Cu were expressed as parts per million (ppm) on dry weight basis in the previous researches. Fruit nitrate (NO3) and nitrite (NO2) contents were also been measured in that particular conducted research(Marzouk Kassem, 2010). Phoenix dactylifera Phoenix dactylifera is one of the oldest cultivated fruit crops. The date palm has long been harvested for its fleshy fruit which is a common food for many people at the residential of country such as North Africa and Arabia. There are a lof of different types of this species which each of them are grown for commercial purposes and perhaps making the date palm the second most familiar palm species after the coconut palm (Cocosnucifera). It grows with an imposing tall, slender, straight trunk with spiralling pattern on the bark, and long feather-like leaves. The common names of date palm are Palma dactylifera, Palma major, Phoenix atlantica var. maroccana, Phoenix chevalieri, Phoenix excelsior, Phoenix iberica and Phoenix major (Marzouk Kassem, 2010). Physiological Disorder of Date Palm Blacknose is the abnormally shriveled and darkened tip of date. The conditions that must be avoid too high humidity, excessive soil moisture especially at the stage of fruit development. Next is crosscut. It is a physiological disorder of fruit stalks. Crosscut or V-cuts are clean break in tissues of the fruit stalk bases and on fronds. Crop losses may be avoided by using non-susceptible varieties, or by reducing the number of fruit stalks in susceptible varieties. After that is whitenose. It is commonly occur in dry and prolonged wind. It causes rapid maturation of the fruit. The affected fruit becomes very dry, hard and has greater sugar content. Hydration may correct this condition in harvested fruits. Next, barhee disorder is unusual bending. The cause and the way to control of this disorder are unknown(Agriculture and Consumer Protection, 11 November 2014). Black scald is different from blacknose where it is a minor disorder. It consists of a blackened and sunken area with a definite line of demarcation. The disease usually appears on the tip or the sides of the fruit, and affected tissues have a bitter taste. The appearance of the disorder suggests exposure to high temperature, but the exact cause is not definitely known (Nixon, 1951). Then, bastard offshoot which is a deformed growth of date palm vegetative buds especially of offshoots fronds. It may be occur due to reduction in growth caused by an inequilibrium of growth regulators. After that is leaf apical drying that absolutely not a disease but a physiological reaction to transplantation of adult palms (injury of their root system). All palms with these symptoms recover within two to three years after their transplanting (Agriculture and Consumer Protection, 11 November 2014). Physiological disorders of date palm also include the fertilization injury. This type of injury is involving only with young tissue culture-derived palm plants (first two years after field planting) and when fertilizers (N, P, K) are applied too close to the palms stipe. The nature of fertilizers is not the cause, but rather how close to the stipe the fertilizer was applied. If the damage is severe, it could cause the death of the young palm (Agriculture and Consumer Protection, 11 November 2014). Lack or excess of water can cause the date palm having a physiological disorder. The growth of the date palm is highly affected by variations in water availability and the water content of the soil. A decrease in yield or complete failure in fruit production could result from these water variations. Although date palms are resistant to flooding, healthy growth of palms requires a well-drained soil, and it is clear that irrigation must always go hand in hand with drainage. Serious losses, sometimes irreversible may occur in neglected date plantations. In such cases signs of decline appear on palms favored by root penetration of numerous saprophytes and parasites that could lead to the death of palms (Agriculture and Consumer Protection, 11 November 2014). 3.6AAS Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy in analytical chemistry is a technique for determining the concentration of a particular metal element within a sample. This spectroscopic instrument involving atomic emission which is the flame test. When a small amount of a solution of a metal ion is placed in the flame of a Bunsen burner, the flame turns a color that is characteristic of the metal ion. A sodium solution gives a yellow color, a potassium solution results in a violet color and a copper solution gives a green color. Hollow Cathode Lamp is one of the instrument components in AAS. It is the light source and the exactly light required for analysis although no monochromator is used. The reason for this is that atoms of the metal to be tested are present within the lamp, and when the lamp is on, these atoms are supplied with energy, which causes them to elevate to the excited states. Upon returning to the ground state, exactly the same wavelengths that are useful in the analysis are emitted, since it is the analyzed metal with exactly the same energy levels that undergoes excitation. The AAS instrument is as follows. Figure 1: Schematic diagram of AAS instrumentation. 4.0Problem Statement Mineral composition in soil important for plants which affect the production of fruits. Thus, it is needed to determine the types of mineral that suitable for fruits, for example the date fruits. There are cases where the date palm from the same area can produce fruit while some of the plants have no fruit. It could be happened because the soils are from different sources during plantation process and it also has different composition of minerals. Since the date fruits production might be related to the composition of minerals in soil, the determination of minerals in soils and date fruits have to be conducted in order to study the correlation between them. Objective The objectives in conducting this research are: To determine the minerals contain in the soil from date palm. To determine the minerals contain in date fruits. To find the correlation between the minerals in the soil and the minerals in date fruits.

Timothy Leary Essay -- essays research papers fc

Timothy Leary "Turn on, tune in, drop out." That saying has turned into the slogan of Timothy Leary’s mind-expanding movement. Although a graduate of both West-Point and Berkley, and a Harvard professor, these were not his greatest lifetime achievements. Throughout his publicized life, he became the spokesperson of the psychedelic age. His devotion to the belief that LSD and marijuana were gateways to enlightenment resulted in a new church, numerous prison sentences, and a following of both celebrities and the general public. When people think of Timothy Leary their immediate response is "Turn on, tune in, drop out," his trademark line, although the meaning of it has often been misinterpreted. Playboy Magazine had thought that his message was advocating, "getting high and dropping out of school," (Marwick 311). When asked by the magazine to explain the meaning of the phrase he responded, " ‘Turn on’ me ans to contact the ancient energies and wisdoms that are built into your nervous system. They provide unspeakable pleasure and revelation. ‘Tune in’ means to harness and communicate these new perspectives in a harmonious dance with the external world. ‘Drop out’ means to detach yourself from the tribal game." (Marwick 312). This was not the first time his methods were questioned. Leary was first publicly noticed, and criticized by then fellow Harvard professors, for his interest in LSD when he and friend, Robert Alpert, wrote an article for the Bulletin of Atomic Scientist. In the article they described a circumstance that in the event of war, the Russians might try to lace the American water supply with LSD. Then, when everybody in America is stoned, the Russians would seize power. They explained that in order to prevent the scenario from happening, everyone should take a dose of LSD so they can get used to the effects (Sterns 278). Although the a rticle shocked the Harvard staff, it didn’t cause him to get fired. Leary was dismissed from Harvard in 1962, only four years after he began teaching there. Leary had experimented with psilocybin, a mind-altering chemical, on his own and the university repeatedly asked him to stop, he refused (Brash 139). Although it angered university 2. authorities, they couldn’t do anything more about the subject since it was a legal substance. While conducti... ...eary was dying of cancer and believed that death should be a happy occasion rather than a sad one. His last words were "Why not?" and after his death his long time friend, John Barlow, wrote, "Timothy Leary died unashamed and having, as usual, a great time. He made good on his promise to ‘give death a better name or die trying.’ " (Marwick 345). Timothy Leary has influenced many people throughout his life by his contribution to society. Whether he advocated the use of drugs or not doesn’t make a difference, although the are what stuck out in people’s minds. The greater message that his life taught was the will of man, and the lengths a person will go to in order to get the point across to the masses. His focus was not money, he gave that up when he lost his job at Harvard, but in his belief that he was right. He truly believed that LSD could enlighten people, and his intentions were to help. Bibliography Works Cited Brash, Sarah. Turbulent Years The 60s. Alexandra: Time-Life Books Inc., 1998. Marwick, Arthur. The Sixties. New York: Oxford University Press, 1998. Sterns, Jane And Michael. Encyclopedia of Pop Culture. New York: HarperCollins, 1992.

Biography

From the early ages of her life Purvi Patel has had an interesting life. From her very early years in India to parenthood, family has been has been the greatest aspect of her life. She was the oldest of four, two younger sisters, Pinku and Chacu, and a brother, Mitul. They lived in Nadiad a small town in Gujarat, India. While growing up there wasn't much to do that was fun. Her parents, Surendra and Amita, were very strict and wouldn't allow her to go anywhere or do anything after dark. As she got older she started taking on more responsibility.At age 11 she had started taking care of her siblings more often and started cooking and cleaning. Her mother made her learn these things at a young age to know what to do later on in her life. While going into her teen years she ended high school at the age of 16 and went to college the same year. While in college she was attacked by a dog contagious with rabies. After she got her rabies shot she was okay. Later the next day they killed the r abid dog. As the years passed she needed to get married. She had an arranged marriage with Amrish Patel at the age of 18.In India at the time there were rarely any love weddings; marriages mainly all were arranged. They grew to love each other soon after. Shortly after they both had immigrated to America and both attended college again. Family life soon followed. When she was 22 in 1993 her daughter, Jasmine was born, though during that time it was a very hard time because of all that was going on. Purvi was still in college and they were looking for a house, but the day Jasmine was born her husband, Amrish, had bought a million dollar lottery ticket which he ost by one number, but they ended up getting $17,000.They kept it in the bank for good use. At the time they were still in college. Her husband, Amrish, had majored in computer technology. Purvi majored in medical technology. She had gotten a Job at a blood bank though she really wasn't too happy about it; she doesn't like bloo d, but she ended up liking it. Amrish became a computer technologist. Soon after, they had bought a house in Piscataway, New Jersey. Then Dhiral was born in 1997 when Purvi was 26.Then in 2006 they moved to Greenville, Illinois, and are currently proud owners of the Econolodge Inn and Suites here in Greenville. Then in the December of 2009 the family went to India for my Purvi's brother's wedding which was also an arranged marriage. The cultural difference from coming from another country made a big impact on her life. From her arranged marriage and her loving and caring family she has grown to be someone who has been through a lot. Now Purvi Patel lives in Greenville living her life in a way to keep adding to this biography. biography By dapdusa Biography Have you ever dreamed of becoming a chemist, a scientist or even an Inventor? Shakes Lean Managing Tomato is recently on her way of becoming the successful one. She Is now taking Bachelor of Science In Chemical Engineering at Technological university of the Philippines Manila, her stepping stone to success. Shakes Is the youngest and the only daughter of Madame Balls Tomato and General Managing Tomato. Manmade, 45 years old, Is a Sound System Operator whileGeneral, 43 years old, Is a Freelancer. On November 11, 1994, Shakes was born at the city of Manhandling, seven months after the DNA Computing was demonstrated by the famous chemical Engineer and Inventor Leonard Deadline. He was one of the persons who inspired her to pursue her dreams. Both parents were catholic by religion and for that their children followed their beliefs. Shakes and her brother Deeds Kyle Tomato grew up to be religious children since they were taught to be a good follower of Christ in Catholic Church. Guidance and manners were properly implemented by their parents.They see to it that good education will be given to Shakes and Kyle. Like any other child of today's generation, Shakes entered the nursery at Rembrandt Christian School in Guenon City, her first experience of attending a school. Her kindergarten was at Dilemma Preparatory School Annex in Novelistic, Guenon City and she was always on top of the class. Grade school was also a memorable part of Geisha's life and as always, she was on a competitive rank. She's very active both in extracurricular and academic studies. Having good grades strengthens her to fulfill her dreams.Freshmen, sophomore, Junior and senior are full of enjoyment, competition and trials for a teenager like Shakes. Friends are unavoidable but she managed to balance her studies and friendship. She took the first half of her high school life at Dilemma Preparatory School Main in Commonwealth, Guenon City and graduated at Saint Anthony Academy of Guenon City in Dang erous. Being on top in mathematics and science, Shakes decided to take an engineering course. Choosing a career of being a Chemical Engineer someday, Geisha's family and her good foundation of education plays a great role in her life.I might say that It Is not the wealth or Influence of environment but having a good foundation In the family and with the support of good education produce a better Individual. Biography By Mural-Galore Eng 002 / MIFF proof. Canoga, Have you ever dreamed of becoming a chemist, a scientist or even an inventor? One. She is now taking Bachelor of Science in Chemical Engineering at Technological University of the Philippines Manila, her stepping stone to success. Shakes is the youngest and the only daughter of Madame Balls Tomato andGeneral Managing Tomato. Manmade, 45 years old, is a Sound System Operator while General, 43 years old, is a Freelancer. On November 11, 1994, Shakes was born at the the famous Chemical Engineer and inventor Leonard Deadline. He was one of the Dilemma Preparatory School Main in Commonwealth, Guenon City and graduated at education plays a great role in her life. I might say that it is not the wealth or influence of environment but having a good foundation in the family and with the support of good education produce a better individual.

Change in the Nuclear Family Essay

Everyone on the planet has a family, but not everyone sees eye to eye about what constitutes as a â€Å"real† family. Since WWII, the structure of the American family has been constantly changing. The â€Å"normal† American family is known as the nuclear family, with a mother, father, son, daughter, and occasionally, a pet. But as time has progressed, the nuclear family has had to make room for larger families, single parent families, biracial families, and families with step and half relatives in them. After WWII, the American family’s structure changed drastically, with many types of families appearing, aside from the nuclear family structure. The baby boom led to larger families and an increase of child births and the women’s right movement and counterculture played part in the rise of single parent households. With minorities gaining more rights, more biracial households started to appear, while couples’ decisions to get divorces led to step families and half siblings in families. The definition of a â€Å"normal† American family has been continuously changing since the 50s, but no matter what anyone says, it is still a family. During World War II, American families were disarrayed. With approximately 16 million soldiers leaving their families and going to war, households in America were left in distress (nationalww2museum). Many men had to abandon their work positions to go to war, which left many jobs vacant. The women of America had to step up and fill the missing men’s positions in the work force, meaning many children were left parentless during the day, â€Å"In 1940 only 8. 6% of mothers with children younger than 18 were in the work force† (Boschee). Though 8. 6% does not seem high, it is higher than the percent of women employed ever before at that time. Employed women with children under the age of 18 were leaving many â€Å"latchkey children† unsupervised during working hours, causing the rate of juvenile delinquency to rise (Todd). Other children were left under the watchful eye of close friends or relatives while their mother was working. Older sons and daughters in the family also had to assume new and unfamiliar roles to help support their family while the money maker in the family was away at war. Once the war ended, and the surviving soldiers returned to their home soil in the U. S. , he familial structure in America started to change with a massive increase of births. After World War II finally came to an end, a new era started; which raised the number of children born into American families. This period of time in America’s history is known as the Baby Boom and it is when the number of births increased dramatically. During the first year of the Baby Boom, the birth rate was incredible, â€Å"In 1946, the first year of the Baby Boom, new births in the U. S. skyrocketed to 3. 47 million births. New births continued to grow throughout the 1940s and 1950s, leading to a peak in the late 1950s with 4. million births in 1957 and 1961† (Todd). The increase of births meant that more households that previously didn’t have children now housed kids and houses that already had children contained even more. The air smelled of enthusiasm and confidence during the years immediately following WWII, â€Å"Exhilaration and optimism after the war seemed to combine with a general feeling of affluence in a booming postwar economy, and generous provisions for returning GIs, to make young couples feel able and willing to support children† (Macunovich). The Baby Boom era paved a path for the nuclear family to be created, with the mother, father, son, and daughter living in a quiet little suburb with a picket white fence and a golden retriever playfully chasing the kids. But to many closed-minded American’s horror, the nuclear family succumbed to â€Å"out of the norm† family structures, with more and more single parents appearing. The rise of single-parenthood was partly on account of the counterculture, which was created because of the social and political events that happened in the 1950s. The counterculture movement â€Å"prompted many people to question traditional boundaries† (Roberts). This meant that many people had freer attitudes towards cultural norms like hairstyles, types of music, and drug use. Also, a teeming amount of people under the age of 30 had freer attitudes towards sexual relationships, with one poll showing that almost two thirds of Americans over the age of 30 were against sex before marriage, while a majority of Americans under the age of 29 were not (Roberts). Because so many Americans were having premarital sex, single parent households started to show up more often. With the two who took part in the once sacred act usually going separate ways after they had sex, the female was always left alone with a baby to bear, if she was to become pregnant. The counterculture also led to an increase of out-of-wedlock births (Himmelfarb). Both things being something most Americans living in that time period were not used to seeing. Although the counterculture movement played a big role in introducing more single-parent households into American society, it is not the only event that catalyzed more changes in the structure of American families. By the end of the 1960s, a new movement called the Women’s Rights Movement, also contributed to the rise of single-parent homes in the nation. During this second wave of feminism, women were more determined to gain equal rights. In 1963, the Equal Pay Act was passed, which ended gender discrimination in the work force, including wage (Women Deserve Equal). Because the women felt like they could depend more on themselves, they did not have to marry a man to support her family. Many militant feminists referred to marriage as â€Å"slavery† and â€Å"legalized rape† (Mintz). Some of the women that felt that way still wanted children though; just not a man to bind her to the house. Thus, creating another reason that single-parenthood started to make more appearances in American households. The counterculture and the second women’s rights movement changed the structure of American family structure in a way that made single parents more abundant throughout the nation; the civil rights movement changed the familial structure by mixing races. When African Americans gained more rights, it caused consternation to bubble up in racist Americans, while the accepting American community rejoiced and felt a better sense of security if they were to form a biracial family. The Civil Rights Acts of 1957 and 1964 were two major acts passed by the U. S. government that gave minorities more rights and protection against racist groups like the Ku Klux Klan (Lapsansky-Werner). Biracial families were once illegal in some states, â€Å"Forty years ago, the U. S.  Supreme Court overturned a state law in Virginia that prohibited whites from marrying non-whites. The ruling in Loving v. Virginia invalidated similar bans in 15 other states† (Powell). After biracial couples could get married legally, mixed race households became more apparent. The ruling in Loving v. Virginia made a big impact on the familial structures in America. The statistics of biracial marriages has definitely rose, as seen in these statistics, â€Å"†¦black-white marriages increased from 65,000 in 1970 to 422,000 in 2005, according to Census Bureau figures† (After 40 Years). More black-white marriages have led to more children with both black and white genes. In addition to more biracial families being introduced into American society, more families with more complex structures started to appear, as well. When married couples get divorced they usually get remarried, which can lead to step and half relatives. During the 60s, fifty-two percent of women who got married were pregnant and they got married to avoid having a child out of wedlock (Shiono). This being said, it is safe to say that over half of married couples had at least one child during their marriage. Forty-five to fifty percent of first marriages end in divorce (Baker). Many people get remarried after divorcing their first spouse, with seventy five percent of people who have gone through a divorce becoming remarried (Stewart). When the father or mother gets remarried, there is always a chance his or her new spouse has children of their own already, creating step-siblings for the child they had during their first failed marriage. If the two new spouses decide to have another child, half-siblings are born. With more and more divorces and remarriages, families with half and step siblings are more likely to be found throughout the nation’s homes. Many people call homes that suffer from a divorce a â€Å"broken home,† but in reality, it is just another chance for a family to have one more shot at finding its â€Å"Happily Ever After. † Change is something that comes with life and it is something that the American family structure is no stranger to, going through constant changes throughout the years. Going from the nuclear family structure to families with more than two kids, families being raised by one parent, and families with step and half siblings, are all changes that the familial structure in America has encountered. Change in the nation’s family structure is inevitable, whether it is being brought on by an increased number of births, movements that challenge everyday thinking or ones that demand more rights. Even something like a failed marriage’s result have brought about changes in family structure in the U. S. Every family is built from different bricks but they all have the same mortar- love.